The European Dimension of Soft Power in China's Geopolitical Strategy

Abstract

This article examines how China uses soft power as part of its broader geopolitical strategy toward Europe. In recent years, the European Union has become a key arena for China’s efforts to expand its political influence beyond traditional economic cooperation. The study argues that Beijing views Europe not only as an important trade partner, but also as a space where global norms, legitimacy, and strategic narratives are contested.

The article shows that China’s soft power in Europe goes far beyond cultural diplomacy. It includes large-scale economic initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as its digital and green extensions, growing media presence, cooperation with regional and local authorities, and the promotion of Chinese technological standards. Together, these tools allow China to strengthen its long-term presence in European economic and informational environments.

At the same time, the effectiveness of China’s soft power remains limited. Growing concerns over transparency, political influence, human rights, data security, and China’s close partnership with authoritarian regimes have increased skepticism among European governments and societies. Public opinion surveys indicate a steady decline in trust toward China across most EU member states.

The article also analyzes the European Union’s response to these challenges. New policies such as de-risking, stricter investment screening, anti-coercion instruments, and the Global Gateway initiative reflect a shift from open engagement to a more cautious and strategic approach.

The study concludes that although China has expanded its material and institutional presence in Europe, its ability to gain lasting trust and genuine attraction remains constrained by deep normative differences and Europe’s growing strategic awareness.