Динаміка розвитку політичних режимів у рамках різних типів напівпрезиденталізму: порівняльний аналіз на прикладі країн Європи

Vitaliy Lytvyn

doi:10.31861/mhpi2022.46.133-150

Authors

Vitaliy Lytvyn Ivan Franko National University of Lviv https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9395-3761

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2022.46.133-150

Keywords:

semi-presidentialism, types of semi-presidentialism, political regime, democracy, autocracy, hybrid regime, European countries

Abstract

Using the example of European semi-presidential countries, the article demonstrated and justified that it is not appropriate to interpret semi-presidentialism as a homogeneous system of government (neither theoretically nor practically), including in terms of its juxtaposition/comparison with the types and dynamics of the development of various political regimes, in particular democratic, hybrid and autocratic ones. The reason is that different types of semi-presidentialism (including within the framework of different logics of its classification, i.e. formal, factual and formal-factual ones) lead to diverse (sometimes common, sometimes distinctive) consequences, risks and prospects of this system of government. As a result, the article stated that semi-presidentialism must always be specified and explained given the inherent heterogeneity of its types, which both theoretically and empirically cause different political consequences. Therefore, it follows that semi-presidentialism can be considered both as a generalized category and dependent variable, as well as an array of various options of institutional and political practice, which manifest themselves differently and as independent analytical indicators in certain types and dynamics of political regimes. In view of this and taking into account the various options for comparing the varieties of semi-presidentialism and the types or dynamics of the development of political regimes, the motives and interests of political actors and constitutional engineers can differ significantly when choosing semi-presidentialism. Even though the article offered average assumptions and calculations, Political Science still has no a reliable answer to the question of what format and type of semi-presidentialism is “the best”, including the most democratic or the least autocratic one. Since the peculiarities and structures of the «survival» of democracies within semi-presidentialism are most often criticized, and the prerequisites for the quality of democracies, on the other hand, are commonly evaluated positively.

Author Biography

Vitaliy Lytvyn, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

Doctor of Political Science, рrofessor with the Department of Political Science

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