Norway in the Process of Establishing International Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2020.41.93-104Keywords:
indigenous peoples, indigenous peoples rights, Sami, protection of Sami, NorwayAbstract
Problems of discrimination against indigenous peoples have caught international public attention relatively recently, at the turn of the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century. Actions initiated by the Native Americans were taken in subsequent years by the Saami, Inuit, Maoris and Aborigines, followed by other indigenous peoples around the world. This forced states to develop new systems of protecting the rights of persons belonging to these communities. After decades, this led to the creation of a system of international protection standards codified in two acts: ILO Convention No. 169 and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The states in which the indigenous peoples live have adopted various strategies. The purpose of this article is to present and explain Norway's activities and its commitment to the construction of a system of international protection of the rights of indigenous peoples against the domestic policy backdrop.
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3. Bonusiak G., Status Saamów w państwach nordyckich w świetle międzynarodowych standardów ochrony praw ludów rdzennych, UR, Rzeszów 2016.
4. Chavez L.E., The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Breaking the Impasse: the Middle Ground [w:] C. Charters, R. Stavenhagen (red.), Making the Declaration Work. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, IWGIA Document no 127, Copenhagen 2009.
5. Conceição P. (red.), Human Development Report 2019, Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century, United Nations Development Programme, New York 2019.
6. Eide A., Rights of Indigenous Peoples – Achievements In International Law During the Last Quarter of a Centaury, “Netherlands Yearbook of International Law”, vol. XXXVII/2006.
7. Eidheim H., When ethnic identity is a social stigma [w:] F. Barth (red.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Culture Difference, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo 1969.
8. Hagelund A., Norway: The Land of the Golden Mean [w:] G. Brochmann, A. Hagelund (red.), Immigration Policy and the Scandinavian Welfare State 1945-2010, Palgrave Macmillan 2012.
9. Henriksen J.B., The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Some Key Issues and Events in the Process [w:] C. Charters, R. Stavenhagen (red.), Making the Declaration Work. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, IWGIA Document no 127, Copenhagen 2009.
10. Hroch M., Małe narody Europy, Zakład Naukowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 2003.
11. ILO Convention 107 Idigenous and Tribal Populations, 26 Jun 1957 [online] International Labor Organisation, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312252.
12. ILO Convention 169 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 27 Jun 1989 [online:] International Labour Organization, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORM
LEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169.
13. Josefsen E., The Sami and the National Parliments: Direct and Indirect Channels of Influence [w:] K. Wessendorf (red.), Chellenging Politics: Indigenous Peoples’ Experiences with Political Parties and Elections, IWGIA, Copenhagen 2001.
14. KamińskiT., Pieniądze w służbie dyplomacji. Państwowe fundusze majątkowe jako narzędzie polityki zagranicznej, UŁ, Łódź 2018.
15. KuźniarR., Prawa człowieka. Prawo, instytucje, stosunki międzynarodowe, Scholar, Warszawa 2008.
16. Lehtola V.-P., The Sámi people: traditions in transition, University of Alaska Press 2004.
17. LOV 1987-06-12-56: Lov om Sametinget og andre samiske rettsforhold (sameloven).
18. LOV-2005-06-17-85 Lov om rettsforhold og forvaltning av grunn og naturressurser i Finnmark fylke (finnmarksloven).
19. F. Martela, B. Greve, B. Rothstein, J. Saari, The Nordic Exceptionalism: What Explains Why the Nordic Countries are Constantly Among the Happiest in the World [w:] J.F. Helliwell, R. Layard, J.D. Sachs, J.-E. De Neve (red.), World Happiness Report 2020, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York 2020.
20. Międzynarodowy Pakt Praw Obywatelskich i Politycznych, otwarty do podpisu w Nowym Jorku dnia 19 grudnia 1966 r., Dz. U. z 1977 r. nr 38, poz. 167.
21. Minde H., Assimilation of the Sami – Implementation and Consequences, “Gáldu čála – Journal of Indigenous Peoples Rights”, No. 3/2005.
22. Minde H., The Destination and the Journey: Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations from the 1960s through 1985 [w:] H. Minde (red.), Indigenous Peoples: Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity, Eburon Academic Publishers 2008.
23. Nickul K., The Lappish Nation (Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 122), Psychology Press 1997.
24. Norway to reconsider judicial cooperation with Poland under the EEA and Norway Grants, 27.02.2020 [online:] Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/reconsider_cooperation/id2691680/.
25. NOU 1984: 18 Om Om samenes rettstilling, 15 juni 1984.
26. NOU 1985:14 Samisk kultur og utdanning, 7 juni 1985.
27. NOU 1987:34 Samisk kultur og utdanning. De enkelte sektorer. Administrasjon, 10 desember 1987.
28. NOU 1993: 34 Rett til og forvaltning av land og vann i Finnmark. Bakgrunnsmateriale for Samerettsutvalget.
29. NOU 1997:5 Urfolks landrettigheter etter folkerett og internasjonal rett – bakgrunnsmateriale for Samerettsutvalget.
30. Nowiak W., Folketrygden „kamień węgielny” norweskiego państwa dobrobytu, UAM, Poznań 1995.
31. Osiński J. (tłum.), Konstytucja Królestwa Norwegii, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 1996.
32. Paine R., Dam a River, Damn a People? Saami (Lapp) Livelihood and the Alta/Kautokeino Hydro-electric Project and the Norwegian Parliament, IWGIA Document 45, Copenhagen 1982.
33. Ratifications of C169 - Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 [online:] International Labour Organization, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314.
34. UN General Assembly Resolution United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 13 September 2007, A/Res/61/295.
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2020-06-26
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Bonusiak, G. (2020). Norway in the Process of Establishing International Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Modern Historical and Political Issues, (41), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2020.41.93-104
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